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The nearby mountains are significantly colder than in the valley, with snow remaining well into spring. Summers are warm with temperature in the 20s (C) and occasionally in the 30s. Temperature in winter is usually around zero degrees, which means that snow can linger or melt away. Zurich has a four-season climate typical to central Europe. Even though Switzerland has opted out of NATO and the European Union, Zurich is today one of central Europe's most cosmopolitan cities. The Zurich Stock Exchange was founded in 1877, and the city rose as a financial centre in the 20th century, as Switzerland remained neutral in the World Wars, and could maintain lower taxes on capital than the European great powers. While the government settled in Bern, many federal institutions, including the new Polytechnic University (ETH) have their seat in Zurich. In 1848 Switzerland adopted a constitution, which established the country as a federal republic.

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The 1830s and 40s saw a series of revolts and war, including the Züriputsch, a revolt of conservative landowners of the canton, against the city of Zurich, and the 1847 Sonderbund War.

As the Thirty Years War ended in 1648, the Holy Roman Empire lost its grip on Switzerland, which has mostly been independent since then. Ulrich Zwingli led the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland during the early 16th century. The canton lost the Old Zürich War between 14 against the confederacy, and was re-admitted in 1450. However, Switzerland's famous neutrality and stability is a modern thing, as many battles have been fought in and around Zurich.

Zurich became the fifth canton of the Swiss Confederacy in 1351, and has been its capital at times. The Guilds have survived until today, though their role today is mostly ceremonial. While the Church used to rule early Medieval Zurich, the Guilds ( Zünfte) took power in 1336, establishing Zurich as an autonomous republic. The Alemanni, a Germanic tribe, settled in the 5th century. The city's Latin name, Turicum, was used for a Roman customs station at the Limmat, which has some remnants today. Zurich is also home to a number of large banking and insurance conglomerates that grew on the fabled Swiss banking secret and still enjoy good reputations in the financial sector. Zurich is home to ETH Zurich, one of the world's leading technical universities, which has produced a number of Nobel laureates and numerous innovations and due to Switzerland's long history of neutrality it also houses headquarters of the likes of FIFA or the International Ice Hockey Federation. This means that you will hear a lot more languages than just Swiss German and the overall atmosphere is a lot more cosmopolitan than you might think. Zurich has drawn people from the rest of Switzerland for centuries, but in the 20th and 21st century it has also begun to draw both people and companies from outside Switzerland and in some cases even outside Europe. While Zurich can be expensive, it is also clean, efficient and blessed with a high standard of living, which together with the high wages, explains why people bear with the high prices.